測試和治療計畫無法覆蓋愛滋病毒感染風險最高的人群
資料來源:Roger Pebody / 2019年9月23日/ aidsmap news/ 財團法人台灣紅絲帶基金會編譯
專家說,在撒哈拉以南非洲國家擴大愛滋病毒檢測和治療的計劃對新感染愛滋病毒的影響可能比預期的要小,部分原因是他們沒有充分重視對愛滋病毒的感染和傳播做出不成比例貢獻的群體。
他們補充說,應該做出更大的努力以確保「全面普遍地測試與治療」計劃確實是全面且普遍地。計劃必需觸及年輕人、週遊各地尋找工作的人們、性工作者、男男間性行為者以及其他的關鍵人群。
Stefan Baral博士及其同事在9月號的《刺胳針愛滋病毒》雜誌上也提出了類似的論點,Katrina Ortblad博士及其同事在9月的《 HIV和AIDS當前觀點》期刊中也提出了類似的論點。
許多國家已接近或已達到聯合國愛滋病規劃署的90-90-90目標,該目標旨在至少診斷出90%的愛滋病毒感染者,90%的確診患者正在接受治療以及90%的患者治療後病毒載量達到無法檢測。預計達到這些目標將使我們走到流行病的盡頭,因此科學家越來越關注達到這一水平的覆蓋範圍是否始終能夠有效減少新的HIV感染。
例如,聯合國愛滋病規劃署(UNAIDS)的數據顯示,波札那的治療覆蓋率從2010年的45%增加到2017年的80%以上,而同期的年感染率則略有增加。盧安達令人印象深刻的大規模治療僅伴隨著新感染量的小幅下降。
幾項大型的集團隨機試驗也未能顯示出普遍測試和治療政策在人群層面的明顯好處。這些研究有所不同,但是在每一項研究中,所測試的介入措施均包括基於家庭的HIV測試,並推薦HIV陽性參與者立即進行HIV治療。這些研究是:
•在烏干達和肯亞的搜尋(Search)
•甘比亞和南非的PopART(HPTN 071)
•波札那綜合預防計畫(Combination Prevention Project)
•南非治療作為預防的研究(The Treatment as Prevention , ANRS 12249)
•史瓦帝尼(史瓦濟蘭)的MaxART。
所有研究表明,有可能顯著增加愛滋病毒治療的覆蓋面和病毒抑制率,但這種變化並不總是與愛滋病毒發生率的大幅下降有關。
當前三項研究的結果隨後於今年7月發表在《新英格蘭醫學雜誌》上時,誇祖魯–納塔爾大學的Salim Abdool Karim教授概述了四個要考慮的問題:
•不斷變化的醫療指引:缺乏影響的部分原因,可能是因為研究是在國家政策轉向提供普遍HIV治療的時候進行的。結果,介入和「常規照護」社區之間的治療可用性差異不大。
•外部伴侶:與來自研究社區之外的性伴侶混雜的性行為比研究人員預期的要多。在至少一項研究中,大量研究參與者從居住在研究區域之外的人那裡感染了HIV,而那裡的愛滋病治療並不是那麼地廣泛。
•檢驗和與照護聯結的延遲:近期的愛滋病毒感染(當人們感染力異常時)在維持愛滋病毒流行方面可能發揮的作用比人們想像的要大。幾項研究發現,首先要縮短HIV感染和診斷之間的時間,其次要迅速將新診斷的人與HIV治療服務體系聯繫起來兩者尤其具有挑戰性。
•難以達到的群體:接觸所有人的後勤工作具有挑戰性,這些資源豐富的試驗無法覆蓋到最後20%至30%的愛滋病毒感染者。一個障礙是污名。另一個是男人和年輕人傾向於流動,與醫療服務的互動很少,這使得他們更難以觸及到。
其他專家對此進行了延伸說明。在另一篇文章中,約翰霍普金斯大學的Stefan Baral博士及其同事提到了流行病傳播的一些基本原理。
他們說:「在極少數具有高感染和傳播風險人群上的預防缺口可以讓流行持續」。但是,非洲國家的愛滋病毒治療計劃旨在讓廣大人群受益而不是高風險人群。愛滋病毒陽性且性伴侶改變率很高的人,並不是臨床服務的優先人群,並且幾乎沒有任何計劃收集特定關鍵人群,在治療過程中不同階層間個案流失之數據。
同樣,預測 「測試和治療」可以降低新感染率的數學模型,可能對關鍵人群並沒有給予足夠的重視。 Baral給出了PopART(HPTN 071)試用版的案例。人群分為低風險人群(平均每十年有一個性伴侶),中風險人群(平均每年有一個性伴侶)或高風險人群(每年超過一個性伴侶)。而高風險個人(如性工作者,可能每天有十個伴侶)被崩散歸類為後者。更甚者,測試和治療服務應確認可以平等地覆蓋所有肉關鍵風險人群。在探討這些問題的另一篇文章中,東西方中心的Tim Brown博士和Wiwat Peerapatanapokin博士指出,人們在關鍵人群中遷入和移出。在返回家鄉之前,一名年輕女子可能從事性工作多年,而在結婚後,一名年輕男子可能會停止成為性工作者的服務對象。在幾年後,許多吸毒者也可能會停止注射。
因此,「關鍵人群」的前成員會返回「一般人群」,而卻可能是在幾年後才被診斷出HIV感染。
他們指出了來自東南亞的數據,這些數據表明,最初發生於女性性工作者中的感染最初傳播給其男性客戶。在隨後的幾年中,隨著客戶和前客戶向妻子和其他伴侶的傳播,普通人群中的女性感染率將越來越高。
華盛頓大學和肯亞衛生部的Katrina Ortblad博士及其同事提請注意其他群體,即使這些群體沒有被描述為「關鍵人群」,它們也可能對愛滋病毒的感染和傳播做出不成比例的貢獻。這些人包括位處地理位置偏遠、教育程度較低、社會資本較少或教育程度有限的人們。他們可能還包括有複雜原因而否認或不正確地認知風險,因而導致拒絕參與醫療服務的人。
他們以烏干達農村地區拉凱為例,隨著愛滋病的預防和治療迅速擴增,該地區得到了深入研究。但幾乎有15%的愛滋病毒感染者繼續具有很高的病毒載量,這些人更可能是年輕的男人、從未結婚的婦女和最近移民的人。
他們預計,在撒哈拉以南非洲地區,新的愛滋病毒感染將集中在越來越難以觸及和涵括參與的核心人群中。他們說:「愛滋病毒的治療和預防服務的提供……必須適應這些新流行階段中對愛滋病毒傳播至關重要的人群」。
同樣,Baral及其同事認為,如果繼續傳播HIV的風險分佈不均,諸如90-90-90(甚至95-95-95)之類的目標可能就沒有用。
他們相信:「從預防愛滋病的角度來看,了解我們為誰提供治療比涉及多少人更為重要」。「專注於解決最邊緣化人群的愛滋病治療執行策略,相較於僅關注於治療數字的計畫和資源,將具有關鍵性差異」。
Test and treat’ programmes are failing to reach people at highest risk of HIV transmission
Roger Pebody / 23 September 2019 / aidsmap news
Programmes to scale-up HIV testing and treatment in countries in sub-Saharan Africa may have had less impact on new HIV infections than hoped, partly because they haven’t paid enough attention to groups that contribute disproportionately to HIV acquisition and transmission, experts say.
Greater efforts should be made to ensure that ‘universal test and treat’ programmes really are universal, they add. Programmes must reach young men, people travelling to look for work, sex workers, men who have sex with men, and other key populations.
Similar arguments are put forward by Dr Stefan Baral and colleagues in the September issue of The Lancet HIV and also by Dr Katrina Ortblad and colleagues in September’s Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS.
A number of countries are close to reaching or have surpassed UNAIDS’ 90-90-90 targets, which aim for at least 90% of people with HIV to be diagnosed, 90% of diagnosed people to be taking treatment, and 90% of people on treatment to have an undetectable viral load. As reaching these targets is projected to bring us to the end of the epidemic, scientists are paying increasing attention to whether achieving this level of coverage always results in meaningful reductions in new HIV infections.
For instance, UNAIDS’ data show that while treatment coverage in Botswana increased from 45% in 2010 to over 80% in 2017, annual infections slightly increased over the same period of time. Rwanda’s even more impressive scale-up of treatment has only been accompanied by a small decrease in new infections.
Several large cluster-randomised trials have also failed to show clear population-level benefits of universal test and treat policies. The studies differed, but in each one the intervention being tested included home-based HIV testing with referral of HIV-positive participants for immediate HIV treatment. These studies are:
· SEARCH in Uganda and Kenya
· PopART (HPTN 071) in Zambia and South Africa
· Botswana Combination Prevention Project
· The Treatment as Prevention (ANRS 12249) study in South Africa
· MaxART in eSwatini (Swaziland).
All studies showed that it was possible to significantly increase the coverage of HIV treatment and rates of viral suppression, but the changes were not consistently associated with large reductions in HIV incidence.
When the results of the first three studies were subsequently published in The New England Journal of Medicine this July, Professor Salim Abdool Karim of the University of KwaZulu-Natal outlined four issues to consider:
· Changing guidelines: the lack of impact may be partly because the studies were conducted at a time when national policies were shifting to providing universal HIV treatment. As a result, the difference in the availability of treatment between intervention and ‘usual care’ communities was modest.
· Outside partners: there appeared to be more sexual mixing with partners from outside the study communities than the researchers anticipated. In at least one of the studies, significant numbers of study participants acquired HIV from people who were living outside the study area, where HIV treatment was not so widely available.
· Delays in testing and linkage to care: recent HIV infection (when people are unusually infectious) may play a greater role in sustaining HIV epidemics than had been realised. Several of the studies found it particularly challenging, firstly, to reduce the period of time between HIV infection and diagnosis and secondly, to promptly connect newly diagnosed people with HIV treatment services.
· Hard to reach groups: the logistics of reaching everyone are challenging and these well-resourced trials were not able to reach the last 20 to 30% of people with HIV. One barrier is stigma. Another is that men and young people tend to be mobile and have little interaction with health services, making them harder to reach.
The latter point has been expanded on by other experts. In another article, Dr Stefan Baral of Johns Hopkins University and colleagues referred to some basic principles of how epidemics spread.
“Prevention gaps among the relatively few who are most at risk of acquisition and transmission can sustain an epidemic,” they say. But HIV treatment programmes in African countries have been designed to reach the population at large and not high-risk groups. HIV-positive people with high rates of sex partner change have not been a priority group for clinical services, and hardly any programmes collect treatment cascade data for specific key populations.