埃琳娜·里博爾迪 / 2024 年 8 月 20 日 / 新聞
根據義大利國家衛生研究院流行病學網站 EpiCentro 的數據，大約 13% 的義大利人有刺青。這種日益增長的趨勢強調了醫療保健專業人員需要準備好與患者討論紋身及其相關風險。美國皮膚病學會雜誌最近發表的一篇文章詳細概述了與紋身相關的併發症和禁忌症。
警告和風險
紋身後，該區域會腫脹、滲出液體，並感到輕微不適，這是正常現象。然而，有些人可能會出現疼痛（3.8%）、搔癢（21.2%）或感染（3.2%）等症狀。紋身墨水中的化學物質會引發過敏反應，導致苔蘚樣反應或肉芽腫形成等病症。這些反應可能發生在刺青部位，但也可能影響其他部位，例如眼睛（例如肉芽腫性葡萄膜炎）。這些反應的發生時間和臨床表現可能差異很大。
應讓患者意識到紋身只能在安全和無菌的條件下進行。重要的是，紋身藝術家必須遵守基本的衛生和健康標準，從信譽良好的供應商那裡購買產品和工具，並在有許可的設施中進行操作。任何併發症或健康問題應由醫生而不是紋身藝術家解決。
患者也應該了解統計數據：超過六分之一的人後悔紋身，超過五分之一的人因為對結果不滿意而希望部分或完全去除紋身。了解這些事實至關重要，因為紋身移除本身就是一種醫療程序，可能具有挑戰性，而且也有其自身的一系列併發症。
禁忌症
由於潛在的風險，某些人群應該避免紋身。應勸阻孕婦和哺乳期婦女紋身，以保護她們的孩子免受治療紋身併發症所需的危險化學物質和藥物的侵害。同樣，有黑色素瘤個人史或家族史的人應避免在色素病變附近紋身，以防止掩蓋這些病變的任何變化。
急性和慢性皮膚病可能會暫時或永久使人失去紋身資格。雖然對於患有疤痕疙瘩、大皰性表皮鬆解症或結節病等疾病的人來說，紋身並不嚴格禁止，但應特別考慮。白斑症患者應在病情穩定後至少等待兩年才能紋身，並且應避免在病灶邊緣附近紋身。患有特發性扁平苔癬的人應該意識到，對紋身墨水的過敏反應可能會使他們的症狀惡化。
患有某些系統性疾病的人因紋身而出現併發症的風險較高。據報道，患有先天性心臟病或風濕熱的患者在紋身後出現了幾例感染性心內膜炎。如果糖尿病患者患有微血管病變或大血管疾病，則應避免在腿部紋身。
患有出血性疾病（例如先天性或後天性凝血障礙）的患者，或接受抗凝血或抗血栓治療的患者，在紋身過程中和之後出血過多的風險會增加。同樣，免疫抑制個體或服用免疫抑制藥物的個體發生局部和全身感染的風險較高，且其癒合時間可能會延長。
因此，向考慮紋身的個人提供的任何建議都應根據他們的特定健康需求和狀況進行調整。
這個故事是從義大利 Univadis 翻譯而來的，作為翻譯過程的一部分，使用了包括人工智慧在內的多種編輯工具。人類編輯在發布前審查了該內容。
Tattoo Trouble: Spotting At-Risk Individuals in Your Practice
Elena Riboldi / 20 August 2024 / News
Approximately 13% of Italians have tattoos, according to EpiCentro, the epidemiology website of the Italian National Institute of Health. This increasing trend underscores the need for healthcare professionals to be prepared to discuss tattoos and their associated risks with patients. A recent article in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology provides a detailed overview of the complications and contraindications linked to tattoos.
Warnings and Risks
After getting a tattoo, it’s normal for the area to swell, exude fluid, and feel slightly uncomfortable. However, some individuals may experience symptoms like pain (3.8%), itching (21.2%), or infection (3.2%). The chemicals in tattoo inks can trigger hypersensitivity reactions, leading to conditions like lichenoid reactions or granuloma formation. These reactions can occur at the tattoo site but may also affect other areas as well, such as the eyes (eg, granulomatous uveitis). The timing and clinical presentation of these reactions can vary widely.
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Patients should be made aware that tattoos should only be carried out in safe and sterile conditions. It’s important that the tattoo artist follows basic hygiene and health standards, purchases products and tools from reputable suppliers, and operates in a licensed facility. Any complications or health concerns should be addressed by a doctor, not the tattoo artist.
Patients should also be informed about the statistics: more than one in six people regret getting a tattoo, and more than one in five would like to have their tattoo partially or completely removed due to dissatisfaction with the results. Understanding these facts is essential because tattoo removal, a medical procedure in itself, can be challenging and is not without its own set of complications.
Contraindications
Certain groups of people should avoid getting tattoos due to potential risks. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should be discouraged from getting tattoos to protect their children from hazardous chemicals and medications that might be needed to manage tattoo complications. Similarly, individuals with a personal or family history of melanoma should avoid getting tattoos near pigmented lesions to prevent masking any changes in those lesions.
Acute and chronic skin conditions can temporarily or permanently disqualify someone from getting a tattoo. While tattoos are not strictly prohibited for people with conditions like keloids, epidermolysis bullosa, or sarcoidosis, special considerations should be made. Individuals with vitiligo should wait at least 2 years after their condition has stabilised before getting a tattoo, and they should avoid tattooing near the edges of the lesions. Those with idiopathic lichen planus should be aware that hypersensitivity reactions to tattoo ink may worsen their symptoms.
Individuals with certain systemic diseases have an elevated risk of complications from tattoos. Several cases of infectious endocarditis following tattooing have been reported in patients with congenital heart disease or rheumatic fever. Patients with diabetes mellitus should avoid tattoos on their legs if they have micro- or macro-angiopathy.
Patients with bleeding disorders, such as congenital or acquired coagulation disorders, or those on anticoagulant or antithrombotic therapy, have an increased risk of excessive bleeding during and after the tattooing process. Similarly, immunosuppressed individuals or those on immunosuppressive drugs are at a higher risk for local and systemic infections, and their healing may be prolonged.
Therefore, any advice provided to individuals considering tattoos should be tailored to their specific health needs and conditions.
This story was translated from Univadis Italy using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.